Diversity of the Genomes and Neurotoxins of Strains of Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes Associated with Foodborne, Infant and Wound Botulism

Diversity of the Genomes and Neurotoxins of Strains of Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes Associated with Foodborne, Infant and Wound Botulism

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Clostridium botulinum Group I and Clostridium sporogenes are closely related bacteria responsible for foodborne, infant and wound botulism.A comparative genomic study with 556 highly diverse strains of C.botulinum Group I and C.sporogenes (including 417 newly sequenced strains) has been carried out to characterise the genetic diversity and spread of these bacteria and their neurotoxin genes.Core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed two major lineages; C.

botulinum Group I (most strains possessed botulinum neurotoxin gene(s) of types A, B NEFF N90 T66TS6RN0 61cm Induction Hob Black and/or F) and C.sporogenes (some strains possessed a type B botulinum neurotoxin gene).Both lineages contained strains responsible for foodborne, infant and wound botulism.A new C.sporogenes cluster was identified that included five strains with a gene encoding botulinum neurotoxin sub-type B1.

There was significant evidence of horizontal transfer of botulinum neurotoxin genes between distantly related bacteria.Population structure/diversity have been characterised, and novel associations discovered between whole genome lineage, botulinum neurotoxin sub-type variant, epidemiological links to foodborne, infant and wound botulism, and geographic origin.The impact of genomic and physiological variability on the botulism risk has been assessed.The genome sequences are a valuable resource for Tip Cleaners future research (e.g.

, pathogen biology, evolution of C.botulinum and its neurotoxin genes, improved pathogen detection and discrimination), and support enhanced risk assessments and the prevention of botulism.